The Colombia-Peru War of 1932

The Colombia-Peru War of 1932 The Colombia-Peru War of 1932: For a while in 1932-1933, Peru and Colombia did battle over a contested area somewhere down in the Amazon bowl. Otherwise called â€Å"the Leticia Dispute,† the war was battled with men, waterway gunboats and planes in the hot wildernesses on the banks of the Amazon River. The war started with a rowdy assault and finished with an impasse and a harmony bargain handled by the League of Nations. The Jungle Opens Up: In the years not long before World War One, the different republics of South America started extending inland, investigating wildernesses that had beforehand just been home to imperishable clans or unexplored by man. As anyone might expect, it was before long discovered that the various countries of South America all had various cases, a large number of which covered. One of the most quarrelsome zones was the area around the Amazon, Napo, Putumayo and Araporis Rivers, where covering claims by Ecuador, Peru and Colombia appeared to foresee an inevitable clash. The Salomã ³n-Lozano Treaty: As ahead of schedule as 1911, Colombian and Peruvian powers had skirmished over prime terrains along the Amazon River. After longer than a time of battling, the two countries marked the Salomã ³n-Lozano Treaty on March 24, 1922. The two nations came out victors: Colombia picked up the important waterway port of Leticia, found where the Javary River meets the Amazon. Consequently, Colombia surrendered its case to a stretch of land south of the Putumayo River. This land was likewise guaranteed by Ecuador, which at the time was extremely frail militarily. The Peruvians felt sure that they could push Ecuador off of the contested domain. Numerous Peruvians were discontent with the settlement, be that as it may, as they felt Leticia was properly theirs. The Leticia Dispute: On September 1, 1932 200 outfitted Peruvians assaulted and caught Leticia. Of these men, just 35 were genuine troopers: the rest were regular citizens generally furnished with chasing rifles. The stunned Colombians didn't set up a battle, and the 18 Colombian national police officers were advised to leave. The campaign was upheld from the Peruvian waterway port of Iquitos. It’s hazy whether the Peruvian government requested the activity: Peruvian pioneers at first repudiated the assault, however later did battle decisively. War in the Amazon: After this underlying assault, the two countries mixed to get their soldiers into place. In spite of the fact that Colombia and Peru had practically identical military quality at that point, the two of them had a similar issue: the region in debate was very remote and getting such a soldiers, boats or planes there would be an issue. Sending troops from Lima to the challenged zone took more than about fourteen days and included trains, trucks, donkeys, kayaks and riverboats. From Bogota, troops would need to traverse meadows, over mountains and through thick wildernesses. Colombia had the upside of being a lot nearer to Leticia via ocean: Colombian boats could steam to Brazil and head up the Amazon from that point. The two countries had land and/or water capable planes that could acquire troopers and arms a little at once. The Fight for Tarapac: Peru acted first, sending troops from Lima. These men caught the Colombian port town of Tarapac in late 1932. In the mean time, Colombia was setting up an enormous endeavor. The Colombians had purchased two warships in France: the Mosquera and Cã ³rdoba. These cruised for the Amazon, where they got together with a little Colombian armada including the waterway gunship Barranquilla. There were additionally move with 800 troopers ready. The armada cruised up the waterway and showed up at the combat area in February of 1933. There they got together with a bunch of Colombian buoy planes, fixed out for war. They assaulted the town of Tarapac on February 14-15. Tremendously outgunned, the 100 or so Peruvian troopers there immediately gave up. The Attack on Gã ¼eppi: The Colombians next chose to take the town of Gã ¼eppi. Once more, a bunch of Peruvian planes based out of Iquitos attempted to stop them, yet the bombs they dropped missed. The Colombian stream gunboats had the option to get into position and shell the town on the might of March 25, 1933, and the land and/or water capable airplane dropped a few bombs on the town also. The Colombian warriors went aground and took the town: the Peruvians withdrew. Gã ¼eppi was the most exceptional clash of the war up until now: 10 Peruvians were slaughtered, two more were harmed and 24 were caught: the Colombians lost five men executed and nine injured. Governmental issues Intervenes: On April 30, 1933, Peruvian President Luã ­s Snchez Cerro was killed. His substitution, General Oscar Benavides, was less quick to proceed with the war with Colombia. He was, truth be told, close companions with Alfonso Lã ³pez, President-elect of Colombia. In the interim, the League of Nations had gotten included and was endeavoring to work out a harmony understanding. Similarly as the powers in the Amazon were preparing for an enormous fight - which would have pitted the 800 or so Colombian regulars moving along the waterway against the 650 or so Peruvians delved in at Puerto Arturo - the League facilitated a truce understanding. On May 24, the truce became effective, finishing the threats in the district. Repercussions of the Leticia Incident: Peru wound up with the somewhat more vulnerable hand at the bartering table: they had marked the 1922 settlement offering Leticia to Colombia, and despite the fact that they presently coordinated Colombias quality in the territory regarding men and waterway gunboats, the Colombians would be wise to air support. Peru eased off its case to Leticia. A League of Nations nearness was positioned in the town for some time, and they moved possession back to Colombia authoritatively on June 19, 1934. Today, Leticia still has a place with Colombia: it is a lethargic little wilderness town and a significant port on the Amazon River. The Peruvian and Brazilian outskirts are not far away. The Colombia-Peru war denoted some significant firsts. It was the first occasion when that the League of Nations, a forerunner to the United Nations, got effectively engaged with facilitating a harmony between two countries in strife. The League had at no other time assumed responsibility for any domain, which it did while subtleties of a harmony understanding were worked out. Additionally, this was the main clash in South America wherein air bolster assumed an indispensable job. Colombias land and/or water capable aviation based armed forces was instrumental in its fruitful endeavor to recover its lost domain. The Colombia-Peru War and the Leticia episode are not frightfully significant truly. Relations between the two nations standardized before long after the contention. In Colombia, it had the impact of making the nonconformists and preservationists set aside their political contrasts for a brief period and join even with a shared adversary, yet it didnt last. Neither one of the nations commends any dates related with it: its safe to state that most Colombians and Peruvians have overlooked that it at any point occurred. Sources: Santos Molano, Enrique. Colombia dã ­a a dã ­a: una cronologã ­a de 15,000 aã ±os. Bogot: Editorial Planeta Colombiana S.A., 2009. Scheina, Robert L. Latin Americas Wars: the Age of the Professional Soldier, 1900-2001. Washington D.C.: Brassey, Inc., 2003.

Disaster Preparedness Plan

Debacle Preparedness Plan Unique At the point when I was a kid my mom consistently kept additional water in 2 liter containers under her sink and would call them her â€Å"Earth quack† water. Much to my dismay that I experienced childhood with what is known as the New Madrid vault which is well over due to happen once more, the last time it discharged was in 1933. I never comprehended why she did this till I learned through the McCracken County salvage crew and DES, which I was an individual from and a USAR prepared part, that it was so essential to keep an endurance unit for in any event 72 hours, since that is to what extent that it would take to get any help there to help us as a result of the considerable number of streams and extensions. From individual experience and living through typhoon Ivan and losing everything my self-arranged catastrophe unit was the second best thing I had done before the tempest, just coming in second to emptying. Down south before the season begins, all insurance agencies, sch ools, and papers put out a check list as to things to keep in your pack. I realize it was in any event 2 days before the military came in with MRE’s for us and the local group of fire-fighters came around giving out ice and water that day. On the off chance that it had not been for my unit I have no clue about what my family and I would have done. Task: Develop an individual readiness plan for a group of four that would bolster a the family for three days if the family didn't have open utilities and was cut off from provisions Catastrophe Preparedness There’s not one spot on this planet that are not dependent upon one characteristic or artificial fiasco or another. Every individual has to recognize what cataclysmic events are increasingly inclined to their zone and get ready for such. The catastrophic events are: floods, tropical storms, rainstorms, lightning, tornadoes, winter storms, extraordinary chilly, outrageous warmth or warmth waves causing water deficiencies, seismic tremors, volcanoes, avalanches and flotsam and jetsam stream landslides, waves, and wild land/timberland fires. At that point there is the man made dangers like: perilous materials occurrences like synthetic crises, atomic force plants, and national security crises, for example, fear based oppression, concoction and natural weapons, atomic and radiological assault, and country security warning frameworks. Fiasco Supply Kit Fiasco Preparedness assists people with planning for a crisis conditions rather it is man-made or of characteristic. Contingent upon where you live, will likewise figure out what sort of readiness you may require. There is likewise the fundamental readiness packs that all people needs to have. FEMA and the Red Cross offer a few unique proposals to assist one with getting ready for a catastrophe. Almost every network in the US is dependent upon a cataclysmic event, so it would bode well to set up all homes for all the various types of fiascos. Catastrophe Supply Kits People need to accumulate water, food and crisis supplies to last in any event three days or more if conceivable. The main issue I had was the place to store these provisions and in what. On the off chance that you put away the provisions in your home and lost it you would not have the option to get to the provisions you had put away. So I wound up taking an enormous rubbish can that could be fixed and placing it in the carport, fixed all the openings and utilized fixed Rubbermaid or other comparative manufacturer’s plastic. Coming up next is the thing that FEMA recommends individuals store for a debacle of any sort; Gracefully of Drinking Water At least one gallon of water for every individual every day, either purchase filtered water or store tap you can utilize it with no guarantees in the event that it has been monetarily treated. For well water or untreated open water, adhere to treatment guidelines gave by your general wellbeing administration. Seal the water compartments and store them in a cool dim spot and change out at regular intervals with new water. Picking Food Supplies When putting away your food you have to ensure and date your food and supplant them at regular intervals. Pack nourishments in watertight sacks or durable plastic compartments. Canned nourishments and prepared to-eat meats, organic products, and vegetables, for example, nutty spread, wafers, granola bars, grains, trail blend, boxed or canned squeezes, milk and soups, moment espresso as well as tea, sugar, salt, and pepper. One needs to make sure to bring a manual can opener to open a few of the above nourishments. Medical aid Supplies Emergency treatment manual, scissors, clean swathes, cloth cushions, cotton balls, self locking pins, latex gloves, anti-toxin balm, purging operators like isopropyl liquor, and hydrogen peroxide, germicidal cleansers, soaked novelettes, needles, tweezers, scissors, thermometer ibuprofen, antidiarrheal medicine, stomach settling agents, nutrients, and enough of your drug to keep going for those three days, esp. prescriptions for diabetics, heart patients, and transplanted meds. Fundamental Tools and Emergency Supplies It is critical to likewise keep promptly accessible things, for example, batteries, battery controlled radio, a climate radio, electric lamp, matches, wrench, pincers, scoop, pipe tape, scissors, plastic sheeting, fire douser, paper, pens, pencils, needles and string, plastic rubbish packs, hand sanitizer, blanch, family unit records with contact numbers and significant archives. Different Items you might need to place in yet isn't basic is something for the children to do, similar to books, games and toys. Agreeable garments and shoes, covers, bedding and camping beds, just as provisions for children, old, and pets. FEMA’s Four Steps to Safety. Fema has four fundamental strides to build up a family calamity plan which can be applied on any fiascos. The initial step is to discover what could befall you and the danger of injury that could happen on the off chance that you remain in your home. In view of that you likewise need to make sense of what sort of calamities destined to occur in your general vicinity, and how you ought to get ready for every individual debacles. One likewise has to realize what their work environment, their children’s school or day care focus, or different spots where your family invests energy fiasco plan is. The subsequent advance is to make a family catastrophe plane by conversing with your relatives as how to react on the off chance that one happens. Pick two spots to meet in the event that it happens during a period that everybody isn't at home and stick to it. One ought to likewise build up a crisis correspondence plan so on the off chance that you can't get together, you ought to have a solitary individual assigned outside of your fiasco are the place all relatives can call to pass on data about their wellbeing and where about. One should know their least demanding most helpful departure courses to take if clearings are required. References Last Name, F. M. (Year). Article Title. Diary Title, Pages From To. Last Name, F. M. (Year). Book Title. City Name: Publisher Name. Figures Figure 1. [Include all figures in their own area, following references (and commentaries and tables, if relevant). Incorporate a numbered inscription for each figure. Utilize the Table/Figure style for simple separating among figure and caption.] For more data pretty much all components of APA organizing, it would be ideal if you counsel the APA Style Manual, sixth Edition.

Congress Approval Ratings - Historic Job Approval Data

Congress Approval Ratings - Historic Job Approval Data The endorsement rating for Congress is appallingly low, and most Americans state they have very nearly zero confidence it can take care of our most significant issues and view its pioneers with extreme disdain. However, theyâ also keep reappointing theâ same individuals to speak to them in the U.S. Senate and House of Representativesâ year after year. In what capacity would that be able to be? In what capacity can an organization be more disagreeable than Satan, feel pressure from Americans to set term limits for themselvesâ yet see 90 percent of its officeholders be re-elected?â Are voters befuddled? Flighty? Or on the other hand simply unusual? What's more, for what reason are endorsement evaluations for Congress so low? Congress Approval Ratings Its no mystery that Americans despise Congress the foundation. A dominant part of voters routinely tell surveyors they dont accept most individuals from the House and Senate merit toâ be re-elected. Americans have held the countries administrative branch in low respect throughout recent years, the popular assessment firm Gallup wrote in 2013.â In mid 2014, theâ portion of individuals who said the countries officials should win re-appointment sunk to a low of 17 percent in Gallups survey. The low endorsement ratingâ followed congressional inaction over spending limits and a powerlessness to arrive at bargain on various issues or maintain a strategic distance from the administration shutdown of 2013. Gallups recorded normal of Americans supporting re-appointment for individuals from Congress isâ 39 percent.â But then: Members of Congress experience no difficulty getting reappointed. Occupants Are Safe In spite of Congress verifiably appalling endorsement evaluations, well more than 90 percent of House and Senate individuals who look for re-appointment win their races by and large, as per information distributed from the Center for Responsive Politics in Washington, D.C. Not many things in life are more unsurprising than the odds of an occupant individual from the U.S. Place of Representatives winning re-appointment, composes the Center for Responsive Politics. With wide name acknowledgment, and normally an outlandish favorable position in battle money, House officeholders ordinarily experience little difficulty clutching their seats. The equivalent goes for individuals from the Senate. Why Our Lawmakers Keep Getting Re-Elected There are a few reasons administrators continue getting reappointed beside their name acknowledgment and commonly all around supported crusade coffers. One reason is that its simpler to despise an organization than it is an individual, particularly when that individual is one of your neighbors. Americans can severely dislike the failure of the House and Senate to agree on things like the national obligation. However, they think that its increasingly hard to consider their official exclusively capable. The mainstream feeling is by all accounts, as The Washington Posts Chris Cillizzaâ once put it, Throw the bums out. Be that as it may, not my bum. Times Are Changing That slant - Congress smells yet my delegate is OK - is by all accounts blurring, nonetheless. Surveyors at Gallup found in mid 2014, for instance, that a record-low part of voters, 46 percent, said their own agent merited re-appointment. The suffering disagreeability of Congress seems to have saturated the countries 435 congressional regions, Gallup composed. While Congress as an organization is no more unusual to voter disillusionment, American voters are typically progressively altruistic in their evaluations of their own delegates in the national governing body. In any case, even this has tumbled to another trough. Congress Approval Ratings Through History Heres a gander at the Gallups associations numbers by year. The endorsement appraisals appeared here are from the popular sentiment reviews led the most recent in every year recorded. 2016: 18%2015: 13%2014: 16%2013: 12%2012: 18%2011: 11%2010: 13%2009: 25%2008: 20%2007: 22%2006: 21%2005: 29%2004: 41%2003: 43%2002: 50%2001: 72%2000: 56%1999: 37%1998: 42%1997: 39%1996: 34%1995: 30%1994: 23%1993: 24%1992: 18%1991: 40%1990: 26%1989: Not Available1988: 42%1987: 42%1986: 42%1985: Not Available1984: Not Available1983: 33%1982: 29%1981: 38%1980: 25%1979: 19%1978: 29%1977: 35%1976: 24%1975: 28%1974: 35%

Heart Of Darkness In Relation To Achebes Contributions - 825 Words

Heart Of Darkness In Relation To Chinua Achebe's Contributions (Movie Review Sample) Content: Name:Instructor:Course:Date:IntroductionArts and literal works entail representations and a reflection of society, its culture and a predetermined course of phenomena that the artists try to showcase to bring relevance in future. Artists employ various stylistic approaches intended to lure the audience into believing their piece of work and its integration to the expectations of, or the realities befalling their audience. Heart of Darkness by Joseph Conrad showcases the unexpected or uncouth scenes of Marlows expeditions in Africa on a job-related tour that turned to be the worst nightmares of his life. Chinua Achebes An Image of Africa, in response to Conrads novella, showcases an authoritative and sources-backed criticism on racism exhibited in Conrads book. Cedric Watts A Bloody Racist, in response to Achebes view on Conrads book represent a comprehensive criticisms of Achebes observations with regard to the Heart of Darkness and in relation to Achebes works. A cou nter-argument essay comparing different sentiments from Achebe and Conrad works on racism, imperialism and misconceptions about Africa and Europe. Homogenized by the need to unwind the truth and defend their tenets, the critics emerge from different geographical and schools of thoughts and their divergence concentrates on the critical analysis of the Hearts of Darkness. Chinua Achebes criticisms and observation present a holistic scrutiny of Conrads view on Africa more so on civilization and the purported inferiority of Africans. Imperialism and its ideologies isolated Africa and its people and the tragic hostilities subjected to Africans do not level with the perceived darkness and the racial atrocities that befell black people considering the effects of colonization upon the colonized.Heart of Darkness as a literal piece fails to expose the evil motives behind imperialism but intertwines the whole story in an entertainment glamour filled with inferiority stunts upon Africans. For instance, Achebe observes Conrads equation of River Thames and River Congo as a thematic intelligence and refinement that is mocked by triumphant bestiality (Achebe 338), evident from Conrads observations of Marlows sailing expeditions. First, Conrad fails to appreciate that sailing difficulties were not only caused by the bad state of the river, but also by the inefficiencies of the steamboat. Yes, the narration carries a fiction tone, but exhibiting Africa and its people as the antithesis of Europe and civilization, unmasks Conrads racism and his primeval and ciphered objectives.In essence, Watts criticisms to favor Conrad fails to authenticate Marlows appreciation of liberalism with respect to the companys imperialist and dictatorial ideologies. At one point, Watt defends Conrad on the basis of cultural vigor stirred by Achebes lecture at the University of Massachusetts by arguing that he, Achebe, preaches racial intolerance by engaging Conrad on the side of enslavement rather th an viewing the European Mind as the source of deliverance (Watts 197). Secondly, and in conjunction with Watts criticisms, Conrad failed to substantiate the invasion of the western civilization and its impacts on the consciousness of the colonized. The book lacks literally merit based on the culture-based prejudices therein whereby, for instance, Achebe observes that Conrads language presentation failed to capture the permanence of literature as he had problems/issues with niggers and barbaric cannibals ( Achebe 346).Failure to acknowledge appropriate choice of words when narrating a story with a significant cultural-voltage, Conrad cemented the Darkness aspects of his views on Africans rudimentary living just above the animal-race full of primitive ideologies and ritualistic superstitions. Achebes observations on Conrads view of the existence of Africa were right considering the comprehension of the whole story more so the final scene which was a lie. For instance, the scene where Marlow visits Kurtzs intended one and lies to her about Kurtzs final words and Kurtz forsook her for a wild and gorgeous apparition of a woman perceived to be a savage and superb (Conrad 60), shows Conrads inconsistencies of delivering his message across a multi-racial audience.In fact, it reveals his bias towards African women by referring to them as wild, savages and apparition of a woman, intended to invoke racial unrest amo...

Compare and Contrast Pride and Prejudice - 1108 Words

Is it possible for a film to show an audience the internal tensions between two potential lovers? Or do the details of the script, sets, costumes and cinematography block the view? For example, look at Jane Austen s classic love story Pride and Prejudice as told in two very different films. While both versions correctly tell the tale of love winning out over one girl s selfish conceit and opinionated judgments, Simon Langton s AE miniseries holds true in every way to the depth of the story, while Joe Wright s 2005 feature film dances over only the popularly known highlights. The resulting views of the story and romantic tension are, of course, completely different! Rarely in Hollywood is the filmwright known to follow an author s†¦show more content†¦Wright does do some really artsy and amazing things with his cameras, but they don t seem to have too much to do with the story. He especially uses them to try to portray Darcy s emotions (because the actor certainly doesn t get the opportunity to), but at such odd moments and with such little clarity that you don t really notice it until your 3rd or 4th viewing! He has a gift for developing amazing scenery shots - really - but, other than having one or the other of the actors included in the shot, they basically never have anything to do with the story. When Simon Langton, however, uses a sweeping shot of countryside, village or house - which he does many times - it absolutely, always shows us something new of a character, and not always just the one in the picture! Langton adds and adds and adds to his characters and their relationships. Never once does Langton s audience lose track of w hat is building between any of his characters. So, both directors use their cameras successfully to create mood and interest of some sort or another. And, both directors do some interesting foreshadowing and story telling with their cameras. And both directors create beautiful pictures. But did both directors combine all of this interesting cinematography with their script, sets and costumes to honestly portray the tension between two potential lovers? Can it be done? Since both the feature film andShow MoreRelatedContrast and compare the two marriage proposals made to Elizabeth Bennet in the novel Pride and Prejudice by Jane Austin: Mr Collins proposal to Elizabeth and Darcys proposal to Elizabeth4640 Words   |  19 PagesHannah Gethin Contrast and compare the two marriage proposals made to Elizabeth Bennet in the novel: Mr Collins proposal to Elizabeth and Darcy s proposal to Elizabeth Jane Austen lived in a mercenary world and this is reflected in her novel. In Pride and Prejudice no secret is made of the need to marry for money. Jane Austen reflects different types of marriage in her novel. 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Report about Communication Gaps in Nursing Career

Question: Describe about the Communication Gaps for Elderly Patients Having Hearing Impairment and Its Impact on Healthcare Nurses? Answer: Introduction In the business of health care, nurses play an important role to ease up the tasks of the doctor and to ensure the well being of the patients under their charge. Communication is the key to efficient and successful completion of any task and specifically it is crucial for addressing the health care needs of a patient. Forms of effective communications among the patients, health practitioners, doctors and nurses help to create a bridge and connective frame (Taylor, 2015) for the healthcare thus simplifying the important decisions made by the doctors including medical care and dosage. In some cases, when the communication gap grows more than the acceptable level, then it is likely that there would be problems pertaining to health care of the patients making the conditions poor and disordered. The communication problems may vary in different aspects of the health care issue such as communication gaps due to language disparity, talking problems of patients, inability to understand the do sage context and many more. One such major issue is the disparity level and the communication gap because of hearing impairments with growing age. (Kee, 2015). This solely depends upon the age of the people and problem of hearing. This is recognized as one of the major factor which creates a poor review of the nurses and makes them helpless in regard with the health care issues. Communication gaps The communication gaps between the nurses and the patients may arise because of the hearing impairments among elder people with this factor affecting about over half of the population above a certain age of 65 years. There are patients who do not understand the directions given by the nurses in one time and hence require repetition of these directions. Hearing impairments may occur due to age or another 20% can occur because of noise leading to loss of hearing power (Midha, 2015). Hearing impairments are rarely acceptable in this career as both the persons are not able to understand each others contexts, commands, requests or any other orders due to misunderstanding of the terms spoken (Stuart, 2014). Therefore, communication gaps can come up as a major issue in the lifetime career of any nurse working in any hospital. They may occur frequently because of variety of patients are of age above 65 years and are generally suffering from hearing impairment thereby causing trouble for the purpose of health care. The effect of communication gap on health care The communication gaps arising out of hearing impairments in elderly patients can create confusion in delivery of requirements and orders of medication. This may lead to an enhanced level of frustration creeping up in the behavior of nurses who aim at providing crucial and important information to the patients regarding their medical dose, medicines, timings, or any kind of required tests. Since, nurses have to deal with the patients during the whole day, therefore, this tiring and frustrating job may lead to poor job satisfaction and reviews from the nurses (Meleis, 2011). The nurses undergo complete efforts in maintaining healthy relationships with all patients regardless of their background or caste. But, this kind of problem may arise in frustration caused to them regarding the dissemination of important and crucial information. Thus, there are some facilities in the hospitals for training given to the patients as well as their family members to ease up the job of nurses so that they may be able to understand correct information in the correct context. In this entire career, they may face frequent issues due to communication gap. Such strategies and use of slow speech combined with gestures may help in minimizing the impact of such differences over the health care and treatments and would be able to promote a high quality of life and a refined quality of medical care and treatment given to the patients. Utilization of gestures and some indicative signs can help the nurses to communicate with the patient and make them understand their context of the medical treatment given to them. Nurses can use this methodology to present their views and commands and pass on the necessary and crucial information to the patients regarding their medical treatment and medicines taken at the right time and in right quantity. If communication gaps creep up in between the patients and the nurses, then the use of other tactile and sense organs (Jeffreys, 2012) can be applied in the process of exchanging necessary information. They can teach the family members to speak slowly and with a slow pace of clear words in the whole sentence. Even the tone should be polite and pleasant to make the patients feel cared. Nurses must be given training in the initial time of their coaching to use gestures and signs to formulate a smooth communication required a bare minimum health care that should be given to the patien ts. Nurses should not lose patience in communicating the information to the patients and must not frustrate as this is the part of their job. Instead they must provide emotional and physical support to the patients giving them utmost of their services. Patients dignity must be respected by the nurses as they are service providers. In order to create a healthy and welcoming atmosphere for the patients to recover, it is essential to communicate with the help of gestures, signs, or drawings or by resorting to slow speech with clear words and warm tone (Baylor, 2011) to interpret the patients, to understand their problems, to have an insight into their condition and to further give suggestions and remarks about the medicines that should be given to the patients in right quantity and at right time. The hearing aids and kits must be checked at timely intervals for their proper functioning so that patients are able to hear clearly and understand clearly. It is the responsibility of family members or the nurses to check the availability of these aids. Visual and tactile sense (Shuler, 2013) should be used to overcome loss of hearing sense. In case of economic problems, the hospitals can direct some social services to cater to their needs. Conclusion Communication have drastic effects on each aspect and run of the life including health care and care provided by the nurses. Hindrance in communication and disorders in hearing impairment may affect the quality of medical treatment given. Assistance of nurses and providing of special training to the patients in form of innovative solutions to both the patients and their family members can make this communication channel simplified and would help the nurses to receive a positive feedback, be able to care for the persons more and provide quality services for medical care. Hence, there should be effective communication between the care takers (health practitioners, doctors and nurses) and the patients to make good health decisions, provide quality treatment and medical advice and realize some of the good health care outcomes. References 1. Taylor, C., Lillis, C., Lynn, P., LeMone, P., (2015). Fundamentals of Nursing (8th ed): The Art and Science of Person-Centered Nursing Care. 2. Kee, L, J., Hayes, E, R., McCuistion, L, E., (2015). Pharmacology (8th ed): A Patient-centered Nursing Process Approach3. Midha, P., Malik, S., (2015). Does Hearing Impairment Affect Quality of life of Elderly?: Indian Journal of Gerontology, 2015, Vol 29, No. 1, pp. 46-61. Retrieved March 18, 2015, from Academic Search Premier with Full Text database. 4. Stuart, G. W. (2014). Principles and practice of psychiatric nursing. Elsevier Health Sciences.5. Meleis, A. I. (2011). Theoretical nursing: Development and progress. Lippincott Williams Wilkins.6. Jeffreys, M. R. (2012). Nursing student retention: Understanding the process and making a difference. Springer Publishing Company.7. Baylor, C., Burns, M., Eadie, T., Britton, D., Yorkston, K. (2011). A qualitative study of interference with communicative participation across communication disorders in adults. American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology, 20(4), 269-287.8. Shuler, G. K., Mistler, L. A., Torrey, K., Depukat, R. (2013). Bridging communication gaps with the deaf. Nursing2014, 43(11), 24-30.

Portrait Of The Artist As Young Man Essays -

Portrait Of The Artist As Young Man Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man By: Valerie Gomez Stephen Dedalus, the main character in most of James Joyce's writings, is said to be a reflection of Joyce himself. In A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man, the reader follows Stephen as he develops from a young child into a young artist, overcoming many conflicts both internally and externally, and narrowly escaping a life long commitment to the clergy. Through Joyce's use of free indirect style, all of Stephen's speech, actions, and thoughts are filtered through the narrator of the story. However, since Joyce so strongly identifies with Stephen, his character's style and personality greatly influence the narrator. This use of free indirect style and stylistic contagion makes Joyce's use of descriptive language one of his most valuable tools in accurately depicting Stephen Dedalus's developing ideals of feminine beauty. As a very young child Stephen is taught to idealize the Virgin Mary for her purity and holiness. She is described to Stephen as "a tower of Ivory" and a "House of Gold" (p.35). Stephen takes this literally and becomes confused as to how these beautiful elements of ivory and gold could make up a human being. This confusion is important in that it shows Stephen's inability to grasp abstraction. He is a young child who does not yet understand how someone can say one thing and mean something else. This also explains his trouble in the future with solving the riddles and puzzles presented to him by his classmates at Clongowes. Stephen is very thoughtful and observant and looks for his own way to explain or rationalize the things that he does not understand. In this manner he can find those traits that he associates with the Blessed Mary in his protestant playmate Eileen. Her hands are "long and white and thin and cold and soft. That was ivory: a cold white thing. That was the meaning of Tower of Ivory" (p.36). "Her fair hair had streamed out behind her like gold in the sun" (p.43). To Stephen that is the meaning of House of Gold. He then attributes Eileen's ivory hands to the fact that she is a girl and generalized these traits to all females. This produces a major conflict for Stephen when his tutor, Dante, tells him not to play with Eileen because she is a Protestant and Protestants don't understand the Catholic faith and therefore will make a mockery of it. His ideas about women being unattainable are confirmed. The Virgin Mary is divine and therefore out of reach for mortals. Now Eileen, the human representation of the Blessed Mary, is out of reach as well because Stephen is not allowed to play with her. In chapter two an amazing transformation takes place in Stephen from a young innocent child who believes women are unattainable and who idealizes the Virgin Mary, into a young teen with awakening sexual desires. As Stephen matures into adolescence, he becomes increasingly aware of his sexuality, which at times is confusing to him. At the beginning of the second chapter in A Portrait, we find Stephen associating feminine beauty with the heroine Mercedes in Alexander Dumont Pere's The Count of Monte Cristo. "Outside Blackrock, on the road that led to the mountains, stood a small whitewashed house in the garden of which grew many rosebushes: and in this house, he told himself, another Mercedes lived....there appeared an image of himself, grown older and sadder, standing in a moonlit garden with Mercedes who had so many years before slighted his love..."(p. 62-3). These fantasies about Mercedes are the first real step for Stephen in challenging the church's view of women, but again he feels as though this image of women is out of his reach. She is a fictional character in a Romantic Adventure novel and he can only imagine himself with her. Although Mercedes may not be real, the feelings that Stephen has and the emotions she provokes in him are very real. "...As he brooded upon her image, a strange unrest crept into his blood." (p.64). "...but a premonition which led him on told him that this image would, without any overt act of his, encounter him... and in that moment of supreme tenderness he would be transfigured. He would fade into something impalpable under her eyes and then in a moment, he would be transfigured. Weakness and timidity and inexperience would fall from him that magic moment." (p.65). Stephen realizes that some transformation is going to take place,

Informational Interviews

Informational Interviews Informational Interviews Informational Interviews By Mark Nichol So, you think you want to work for a certain company or in a particular profession in a specific position or department. How do you know for sure? How do you find out? Conducting informational interviews is a good place to start. What’s an informational interview? It’s a meeting with someone in a position, department, company, or profession that intrigues you. You’re not certain whether you are suited for or interested in that career, so you ask someone who knows what working in such an environment involves. (Equally important is what an informational interview is not: It is not a stratagem for finagling an opportunity to ask for a job under the guise of merely obtaining information.) How do you go about setting up an informational interview? Brainstorm, and check with friends and family, to find someone who works in a position or a company in the profession you’re interested in learning more about. Ask for an introduction, or contact the person directly. If you can’t identify a friend of a friend to interview, search online for contact information for a likely candidate and make a cold call (or, better yet, send a cold email, and then follow up with a call if you haven’t heard back from the person within a few days). To get the interview, write or say something like this: â€Å"I’m exploring new career opportunities, and I’m intrigued by your job description/your company/your profession. Before I seek employment as a (blank), I’d like to make sure that it’s the right fit for me, and I’d appreciate the opportunity to ask you a few questions about your work. â€Å"Could we meet for coffee, or at your office, for thirty minutes? This is not a stealth effort to ask for a job. It’s premature for me to seek employment in (job area) until I’m certain I have the aptitude and skills, and I am not deceitful. I’m genuinely interested in benefiting from your knowledge and insights.† If the recipient declines (which is unlikely most people are willing to share their professional know-how with a newcomer), thank them for their consideration and reply with a request for the name of someone else in the same company or profession who might be amenable to an interview. Here are questions to ask (but find out what you can through your own research first): 1. How do you spend your workday, and what are the weekly, monthly, and yearly cycles, if any, of your workload? 2. What is the balance of routine and novelty in your job? Does your work largely follow a set pattern, and does that appeal to you, or is it mostly unpredictable, and do you like that? 3. What type of skills and knowledge did you bring to your job, and what have you acquired? What skills or knowledge do you apply most often? 4. (Briefly outline your educational/work history.) How would one start out in this profession, and what other coursework or job experience would you recommend or would you consider indispensable? 5. Are there any other qualifications, such as union or association membership, tests or examinations, or certification or licensing? 6. What are the advancement opportunities, and are there any external requirements for advancement, like certification or advanced degrees? 7. What are the challenges and rewards in your position? 8. How would you describe the workplace culture? 9. What do you wish you had known about this profession when you were exploring it like I am now? 10. Is there anything else I should have asked you? 11. Do you mind if I follow up with other questions or requests for clarification? 12. Who else in this company, or in the profession, do you know who might be able to help me explore further? The most important thing to say, of course, is â€Å"Thank you I appreciate that you took the time and effort to help me in my research† and to do so again in writing (in a mailed note or postcard, not an email message). If you promptly set up an interview with one of the people your interviewee recommended, you can share that news, too a tangible sign of your initiative and persistence. Be sure to follow up, as well, if you decide not to pursue work in the person’s profession or to send your contact information when you do get a job in it (an achievement you managed in part, you’ll certainly emphasize, because of the information and advice the person gave you). The most important thing to do is to honor your pledge not to exploit the person’s offer to meet with you as a pretense for hinting about employment. However, if you are professional and polite, and show a genuine interest in the person’s responses (and don’t just recite your questions the interview should be more of a conversation), the person may ask you to email a copy of your resume â€Å"in case anything comes up.† If not, you’ll use the response to item number 12 to keep the chain unbroken and continue your investigation. So, where’s the writing tip? Please forgive the deviation from the format, but this career-research technique is so useful, and so many people are (surprisingly) unfamiliar with it, that I had to write a post about it. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Business Writing category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:How to Punctuate References to Dates and TimesList of 50 Great Word Games for Kids and AdultsCapitalizing Titles of People and Groups

Barrack Obama Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Barrack Obama - Essay Example The paper will provide a brief history on the life of Barack Obama and how he rose to the position he is today. In addition, the paper will illustrate the different ways in which Barack Obama made a positive impact on the American community and beyond. Barack Obama was born on the 4th of August 1961 to two parents who came from extremely different backgrounds (â€Å"Barack Obama. 44th President of the United States†, n.d). His father, Barack Obama Sr. was from Kenya and studying at the University of Hawaii on a scholarship. Ann Dunham, his mother, was from a small town in Kansas and the two of them were married in 1959, two years before Barack Obama Jr. was born in Honolulu (â€Å"Barack Obama. 44th President of the United States†, n.d). Barack did not grow up with his father as he left in order to complete an economics degree at Harvard University and then returned to his native country, Kenya, to work as an economist for the government. Obama moved to Indonesia with his mother after she married an oil executive and he studied for 4 years in Jakarta before returning to high school in Hawaii (â€Å"Barack Obama. 44th President of the United States†, n.d). Obama was raised by his grandparents and often recalls the problems he faced in coming to terms with his biracial heritage. Many analysts state this might have been an advantage for Obama in his later political years as his roots where both in the white and black cultures. Obama later moved to Los Angeles and attended Occidental College before moving to New York to Columbia University for a Bachelor of Arts degree (â€Å"Barack Obama. 44th President of the United States†, n.d). The positive impact Obama had on the community began from his early years after graduation. Obama frequently states that even after graduation he was possessed with the will to implement change from grassroots level. After graduation, Obama was briefly employed as a

Motivation and psychological contact on Media Company in China Essay

Motivation and psychological contact on Media Company in China - Essay Example Extrinsic motivation is external and involves employee’s rewards such as money and grades. Psychological contract refers to the existing mutual beliefs, perceptions and informal obligations between the employee and an employer. It is different from the formal written employment contract which generally identifies mutual duties and responsibilities. This paper seeks an understanding on the motivation and psychological contract among employees in China Digital Media Corporation. China is in the process of transforming its broadcasting policy that includes; conversion of television services from analogue to digital broadcasting system nationwide, improvement of the broadcasting policy and administration, reorganizing different companies which belong to the state into corporations which are market driven, and allowing foreign investors to participate in some specific areas in the media industry. Considering the above changes, China Digital Media Corporation main focus is to capita lize on the opportunities resulting from the expansion of broadcasting media and cable TV industry in china. To successfully attain this, the media company will need to motivate its employees and have an appropriate psychological contract in place. The workforce plays a key role in the achievement of established goals of the company. According to Costigan, et. al. (1998), motivation is a cognitive decision making process which initiates, energizes, directs and maintains a behaviour which is goal oriented. Motivational process begins with physiological or psychological need through which behaviour or drive aimed at a goal is activated. Managers, expect increased qualitative productivity from their employees. Employee’s behaviour is greatly influenced by their working environment. Individuals are motivated to work by different motivational factors. These include monetary factors such as; salaries and wages, bonus and incentives. There are also other non-monetary factors which i nclude; an employee status or job title, appreciation and recognition, delegation of authority, proper working conditions, job security, workers participation, cordial relations, good superiors, provision of training, proper job placements and promotions, good performance feedback, provision of welfare facilities and flexibility in the working hours. Motivation is of great importance to an organization in that; it increases efficiency, reduces absenteeism and employee turnover, improves the corporate image, improves employee’s morale, reduces accidents and facilitates initiative and innovation. China Digital Media Corporation will have to consolidate different motivational theories and models that influence employee’s motivation. Employees have varied needs depending on their demographics, circumstances, aspirations, affairs and personalities. Hygiene factors are important in that they eliminate job dissatisfaction. Employees in the media company expect to work in an e nvironment that is conducive, pleasant, respectful, productive, and promotes teamwork. For the media company to boost employee’s motivation, there has to be motivators such as interesting work, recognition, sense of achievement and advancements. In addition, employees should be treated fairly and be rewarded accordingly for their efforts. Perception of inequity among employees in the company results in poor inputs, and even others leaving the organization. Supervisors should also be keen to provide performance feedb

Key Terms Essay Example for Free

Key Terms Essay ACEs an entry in an objects acl that grants permissions toa user or group ACL A collection of access control entries that defines the access that all users and groups have to an object ATA A disk interface that uses parallel communications to connect multiple hard drives to a computer Authorization The process of making sure someone is who they say they are Basic Disk The default disk type, it can have up to four partitions, three primary and one extended Direct-attached Storage a computer whith hard drives stored in it Disk Duplexing Method of fault tolerance, duplicate data is stored on two disks in seperate host adapters Disk Mirroring Method of fault tolerance, duplicate data is stored on two seperate disks DiskPart. exe Command line method to do all your disk related deeds Dynamic Disk Alternative to basic disk, able to have an unlimited number of volumes Effective permissions A combination of all the permissions from various sources External Drive Array Hard disks attached to a computer through a network medium File System A part of the OS for storing and organizing files Folder redirection A useful feature that lets users save thier files to a network location LUNs An identifier assigned to a specific component within a SCSI device which enables the SCSI host adapter to send commands to that component. NAS A dedicated file server that is connected to a network and provides users with file based storage Offline Files Lets people keep copies of files on their machines so that if the server goes down they can still work Partition Style The ways disks are organized in windows RAID Multiple disks working together as pals to do great things such as fault tolerance or increases to read/write speeds SID Every active directory object gets one of these, kinda like a social security number Security Principal Whoever is an administrator assigns permissions to SATA Newer version of ATA that users serial communications Shadow Copies Makes copies of a file that users can use to restore to vaious times SCSI Lets computers transfer data to multiple storage devices Standard Permissions The common special permissions SAN A dedicated high speed network wevice that connects storage devices to servers.

The Great Gatsby- Jay Gatsby V Essay -- essays research papers

Jay Gatsby, the title character of The Great Gatsby, is really not all that the title might suggest. First of all, his real name is James Gatz. He changed it in an effort to leave behind his old life as a poor boy and create an entirely new identity. He is also a liar and a criminal, having accumulated his wealth and position by dishonest means. But he is still called ‘great,’ and in a sense he is. Gatsby is made great by his unfaltering hope, and his determination to live in a perfect world with Daisy and their perfect love. Gatsby has many visible flaws—his obvious lies, his mysterious way of avoiding straight answers. But they are shadowed over by his gentle smile and his visible hunger for an ideal future. The coarse and playful Jay Gatsby who throws wild parties and spends lavishly on friends and strangers doesn’t hold as much reality as the quiet Gatsby who dreams of happiness with Daisy and the relationship they once had. He also has the power to make his dreams reality. He dreamed as a boy of a luxurious life of riches and high society, and he got it. Later he dreams of Daisy and their future together, which he has in reach for a time before it falls away. He loses it because his love for Daisy is all in the relationship they used to have—he wants to recreate the past, not make a future. His love for her isn’t really based on her, he doesn’t even see her efforts to hide herself under an unfeeling shallowness. He is more in love with what she represents, and what he...

Media & Invasion of Privacy

LAGOS STATE UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF COMMUNICATION A TERM PAPER SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE COURSE: ETHICS AND PROFESSIONAL PRACTISE (MAC 854) LECTURER: DR. JIMI KAYODE TITLE: MEDIA AND THE INVASION OF PRIVACY BY AKANDE ADEFEYISAYO ADEBOLARINWA †¢ SUBMITTED ON 30th JANUARY, 2010 INTRODUCTION Media practitioners possess the function of gathering, processing and disseminating news item to a heterogeneous large audience which often times not done with sound moral judgement in mind lands them into pool of troubled waters. Celebrities, politicians and other sought-after sources of news have over time expressed justifiable anguish over the diminishing aspects of their lives that are no longer free from prying eyes and publication from the press. They routinely assert that members of the media violates their privacy based strictly on their need to publish any news story that comes their way for the main purpose of profit and simply can not distinguish what type of information is private, public or newsworthy. Journalists, however, often possess diverse concepts of privacy and newsworthiness, and know that the issue is more complicated based on the fact that reporting news stories in a way that serves and informs the public will often require publicizing details or displaying images that will mortify or anger someone. To make privacy issues even more complicated for journalists, courts constantly redefine what is private based upon interpretations of the elusive legal standard of a â€Å"reasonable expectation of privacy. ( www. winning-newsmedia. com/privacy) â€Å"The U. S. Supreme Courts scolding of the media in the 1999 â€Å"ride along† cases for a perceived inattention to the privacy rights of the people featured in the news most likely reflects the current attitude of many judges and lawmakers and, thus, underscores the importance for journalists to be aware of general privacy principles. † (www. associatedcontent. com/topic) The intrusion and publication of private images can expose journalists to overwhelming financial liability if a court determines that a news organization has invaded a person’s privacy. The invasion of another’s privacy is a tort, meaning a civil wrong against another that results in injury. A privacy tort occurs when a person or entity breaches the duty to leave another person alone. When reporters intrude on a person’s privacy and cause emotional or monetary injury, they may be forced to pay damages. To avoid lawsuits, journalists must know how the law operates while seeking to balance the competing interests of the press and the public against the privacy interests of the subjects of the reports. Journalists often run contrary of this tort through the process of gathering information. Actions that may violate this privacy right include intrusion onto private property, concealed observation and the deceptive access into private areas. Conduct that invades privacy may also violate the criminal law. In general, courts have held that journalists must obey all relevant laws. In Cox Broadcasting Corp. v. Cohn, 420 U. S. 469 (1975) â€Å"the U. S. Supreme Court noted that in privacy tort, claims of privacy most directly confront the constitutional freedoms of speech and press†. www. definitions. uslegal. com) This study provides a universal explanation of each privacy tort and related causes of action. The privacy facts tort presents the unsettling circumstances in which journalists may be liable for monetary damages for coverage of news item. In several cases the Supreme Court has held that â€Å"where a newspaper publishes truthful information which it has lawfully obtaine d, punishment may lawfully be imposed, if at all, only when narrowly tailored to a state interest of the highest order. Florida Star v. B. J. F. , 491 U. S. 524, 541 (1989). Although the Supreme Court has prevented states from punishing journalists who published legally obtained names of juvenile offenders and rape victims, the Court has not absolutely rejected the private facts tort in this context. Although crimes such as rape are newsworthy and newsworthiness is a defence to a private facts suit, not all courts have agreed that the identity of a rape victim is newsworthy. Apart from news story either in the broadcast or in the print medium, photography has also been observed as posing some inimitable problems in privacy law, broadly, the legal analysis for invasion of privacy through images parallels the analysis for invasions through words. Essentially, the scope of this study is simply to analysis the fundamental nature of privacy laws, the various types that a mass media practitioner can run afoul of in the course of his or her duty and its implication for the society as a whole. Emergence of Privacy Laws: Concerns about intrusive newspaper reporting were mainly the beginning of the law of privacy. At that time, metropolitan daily newspapers used a variety of sensational information to attract potential readers. Media practitioners often played out the lives of the affluent and famous on the pages of their newspaper, permitting their readers to vicariously enjoy the wealth and the status of the celebrity. It was the kind of journalism now commonly referred to as â€Å"yellow journalism† that drove two Boston lawyers, Samuel D. Warren and Louis Brandeis to use the pages of the Harvard Law Review to recommend an officially documented right to privacy titled â€Å"The Right to Privacy† in 1890. Thus, their enterprise can be justifiably referred to as the source from which the law of privacy sprouted from. In their words as cited in Pember & Calvert, 2006: To satisfy a prurient taste the details of sexual relations are spread broad-cast in the columns of the daily papers. To occupy the indolent, column upon column is filled with idle gossip, which can only be procured by intrusion upon the domestic circle†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. The common law has always recognised a man’s house as his castle, impregnable, often, even to its own officers engaged in the execution of its commands. Shall the courts close the front entrance to constituted authority, and open wide the back door to idle or prurient curiosity? Warren and Brandeis strongly proposed that people should be able to go to courts to stop such unwarranted intrusions and also to secure monetary damages for the hardship or emotional distress they suffered from prying and from publication of private materials about them. The question of when the coverage and reporting of news became an invasion of privacy is a difficult one, especially for photographers and videographers. Consequently, the combination of a lack of clear definitions of privacy standards and an acceptance of degree of privacy puts media practitioners in a precarious position. In Sanders v. American Broadcasting Cos. , Inc. , 978 P. 2d 67 Cal. 1999, â€Å"the California Supreme Court held in 1999 that even an employee who holds a conversation in an open office space and overheard by co-workers can pursue an invasion of privacy claim if that conversation is recorded by a reporter’s hidden camera. The court rejected the notion of privacy as an â€Å"all-or-nothing† concept and described an â€Å"expectation of limited privacy† as follows: †¢ A subjective expectation of privacy is an opinion of a person that a certain place or situation is private. †¢ An objective, legitimate or reasonable expectation of privacy is an expectation of privacy recognized by society Under different circumstances, however, courts have established that news media are justified in doing what their subjects may feel is invasive. ( wikipedia: 2002) Definitions: According to the United Nations’ Universal Declaration of Human Rights Resolution 219A (III), Article 12 of 10 December 1948 as cited in Malemi (2002: 163): No one shall be subjected to arbitrary interference with his privacy, family, home or correspondence, nor attacks upon his honour and reputation. Everyone has the right to the protection of the law against such interference or attacks. Privacy refers primarily to a person’s right to be left alone by the media, not necessarily a physical intrusion into one's private property or personal space. Invasion of privacy charges are usually presented in a civil lawsuit against media outlets that have crossed a perceived line into a celebrity or other public figure's private life, or have used his or her likeness or name in an unauthorized public manner Privacy law is the area of law concerned with the protection and preservation of the privacy rights of individuals. Increasingly, governments and other publics as well as private organizations collect vast amounts of personal information about individuals for a variety of purposes. The law of privacy regulates the type of information which may be collected and how the information may be used. The Right to Privacy: According to the 1999 Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria, chapter IV, Section 37 on the right to private and family life says: â€Å"Citizens have right to privacy of themselves, their homes, correspondence, telephone and telegraphic communications. † A violation of this rights amounts to invasion of privacy. Remedies can then be pursued in the courts when anyone goes contrary to the above provisions. The right of privacy is a common-law cause of action that is a recent legal development. The U. S. Constitution contains no direct references to the right of privacy, although the Fourth Amendment states: â€Å"The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated†¦ † The right of privacy competes with the freedom of the press as well as the interest of the public in the free dissemination of news and information, and these permanent public interests must be considered when placing the necessary limitations upon the right of privacy. The First Amendment states: â€Å"Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech or of the press†¦ † â€Å"[pic][pic]Invasion of privacy, then is the intrusion into the personal life of another, without just cause, which can give the person whose privacy has been invaded a right to bring a lawsuit for damages against the person or entity that intruded. It encompasses workplace monitoring, Internet privacy, data collection, and other means of disseminating private information†. Photographers’ guide to Privacy, 2003). The wrongful intrusion into a person's private activities by other individuals, the media or by the government has generally been defined as invasion of privacy. Privacy is invaded when one intentionally intrudes, physically or otherwise, upon a person's solitude or into his private area or affairs. Invasion of privacy is considered a violation of to rt law and can be litigated inside the civil courts for monetary damages. Recently, invasion of privacy has taken on even greater meaning with recent technological advances. Bussian & Levine 2004 opine that: Whether an article or broadcast is newsworthy, whether the information was gathered in an objectionable fashion, whether truthful information is nonetheless highly offensive — all are considerations in weighing individuals' claims against the news media. Invasion of privacy is a tort, a civil wrong, which can lead to jury trials and potential claims for compensatory and punitive damages. It also places judges in the unfamiliar and uncomfortable role as â€Å"editors† of last resort. Celebrities are not protected in most situations, since they have voluntarily placed themselves already within the public eye, and their activities are considered newsworthy. Categorically, invasion of privacy or the intrusion into the personal life of another, without just cause, can give the person whose privacy has been invaded a right to bring a lawsuit for damages against the person or entity that intruded. Folarin, 2005:155 also agrees that the right to privacy is a legal means by which consumers can control media content through suits instituted against the media in defence of their right relating to invasion of privacy which includes insulation from needless publication of private matters. Also that people can sue any media that uses their names falsely. He asserts that the people who have little or no chance of winning most of the suits are acknowledged public figures who are generally assumed to have lost their to privacy by taking up public office or otherwise become public by being involved in a newsworthy act or incident. In distinguishing invasion of privacy among other claims facing the media, unusual situations involving crime victims and witnesses and also photographs of virtually anything visible in a public place do not give rise to actions for publication of private facts. Also facts that give rise to a false light claim may support a defamation claim while injury to reputation is not required for a false light claim. The false light tort aims primarily to protect against emotional distress rather than to protect one’s reputation. Based on First Amendment of the US constitution concerns, and the similarity between the claims, some states have not been persuaded to recognize the false light tort. However, public personalities are not protected in most situations, since they have placed themselves already within the public eye, and their activities (even personal and sometimes intimate) are considered newsworthy and are perceived to be of legitimate public interest. Dimensions of Invasion of Privacy: ) Intrusion on one's solitude or into one's private affairs includes: †¢ The Home: A person's home gets the highest protection from the courts. Entering a house or apartment without permission of the occupant or, in some circumstances, the police, can be considered as an unlawful intrusion. †¢ Photographs and Tape Recording: Taking photographs of a person or his property in a private place may be an invasion of privacy. Tape recording a person without his consent may also provoke damage awards. ) Public di sclosure of embarrassing private information such as: †¢ Personal Matters: Details about a private person's sexual relationships, the contents of personal letters, private facts about an individual, or other intensely personal matters are off-limits to the news media unless they are considered as absolutely newsworthy. †¢ Newsworthiness: Even truthful accounts are actionable if they contain highly offensive details which are not of legitimate concern to the public. ) Publicity which puts him/her in a false light to the public: †¢ Fabrication: Ascribing quotes or fictionalizing actual events can lead to invasion if a person is portrayed in a false light before the public. †¢ Photographs: Using photographs or films to illustrate a story that implies falsely that a person is involved in a disreputable incident. d) Appropriation of one's name or picture for personal or commercial advantage such as: †¢ Advertising: The unauthorized use of a person's name or photo graph in an advertisement is another immense subject in nvading people’s privacy. †¢ Property Rights: This happens when the press offers to give away unauthorized broadcasts or photographs of a performance. The Supreme Court in the United States has ruled that there is a limited constitutional right of privacy based on a number of provisions in the Bill of Rights and subsequent amendments. This includes a right to privacy from media surveillance into an area where a person has a â€Å"reasonable expectation of privacy† and also in matters relating to marriage, procreation, contraception, family relationships, child rearing and education. However, records held by third parties such as financial records or telephone call records are generally not protected unless a specific federal law applies. The court has also recognized a right of anonymity and the right of groups to not have to disclose their members' names to media agencies. (www. answers. com) Generally, it’s been considered that one ought to have a reasonable â€Å"expectation of privacy†, meaning: i. A place where a reasonable person would believe that he or she could disrobe in privacy, without being concerned that his or her undressing was being photographed or filmed by another; or ii. A place where one may reasonably expect to be safe from casual or hostile intrusion or surveillance. Given the similarity to voyeurism, an adjudicator might find that placing a hidden camera in a certain location may amount to the torts of indignation or deliberate infliction of emotional distress. Invasion of privacy laws are usually broken into four separate categories highlighted earlier including intrusion, appropriation, false light and public disclosure of embarrassing facts. Intrusion of Solitude: Intrusion of solitude, seclusion or into private affairs is an arm of invasion of privacy done by spying on or intruding upon another person where that person has the expectation of privacy. Places that a person ought to have an expectation of privacy are usually in a home or business setting. Consequently, people who have become public figures do not have the same expectation of privacy. A media practitioner, who intentionally intrudes, physically or otherwise, upon the solitude or seclusion of another or his private affairs or concerns, is subject to liability for invasion of privacy, if the intrusion would be highly offensive to a reasonable person. To be liable for intrusion upon seclusion or solitude, the plaintiff must prove the following elements: Invasion of a secluded place or privacy: this happens when the defendant is alleged to have invaded the plaintiff's personal or private space. This could be determined by: Physical intrusion into a place where the plaintiff has secluded himself. ) Use of the defendant's senses to eavesdrop or spy in order to oversee or overhear the plaintiff's private affairs or b) Some other form of investigation or examination into plaintiff's private concerns. Objectionable intrusion: this is the type of intrusion that would be highly offensive to the ordinary reasonable person. †¢ Invasion of private affairs or matters: the i nterference with the plaintiff's privacy must be substantial (however, if the event reported occurs in public, there is no expectation of privacy). Other examples of intrusion upon privacy include placing microphones or cameras in someone's bedroom or hacking into their computer. Society does not expect a journalist to place wiretaps on a private individual’s telephone without his or her consent. Opening someone's mail is also considered to be intrusion of solitude, seclusion or private affairs. The information gathered by this form of intrusion need not be published in order for an invasion of privacy claim to succeed. Trespass is closely related to the intrusion tort and may be claimed simultaneously. Intrusion claims against the media often centre on some aspect of the newsgathering process. This tort may involve the wrongful use of tape recorders, cameras or other intrusive equipment. Trespass also can be a form of intrusion. An actionable claim for intrusion may arise whether or not a news story is published or aired. (A photographer’s guide to privacy, 2003) Appropriation of Name, Likeness or Identity: The appropriation of a private person's name, likeness or identity by a person or company for commercial gain is prohibited under the invasion of privacy laws. However, this law pertains to a private figure and not a public figure or celebrities, who have fewer and different privacy rights. The Restatement (Second) of Torts Section 652C (1977) defines appropriation of name or likeness as follows: â€Å"One who appropriates to his own use or benefit the name or likeness of another is subject to liability to the other for invasion of his privacy. † (Bussian & Levine, 2004) Appropriation of name or likeness occurs when someone uses the name or likeness of another for their own advantage. Action for misappropriation of right of publicity protects against commercial loss caused by appropriation of an individual's personality for commercial exploitation. It gives the individual exclusive right to control the commercial value of his or her name and likeness to prevent others from exploiting that value without permission. It is similar to a trademark action with the person's likeness, rather than the trademark, being the subject of the protection. The appropriation category of invasion of privacy prevents others from using a person's name or identity for commercial gain. Ordinarily, the news media do not run afoul of this form of tort. However, seemingly harmless news coverage or advertisements can lead to lawsuits. This law came into existence from a couple of court decisions in the early 1900's where a private person's photograph was being used without consent for advertising purposes and without them receiving any monetary reward for using their pictures in print. The court recognized that the common law right to privacy including a person's identity had been violated by the unauthorized commercial use. In later cases, a person's voice was also included. Public figures, especially politicians do not have the same right to privacy as regards to appropriation of name, likeness or identity since there is much less expectation of privacy for public figures. Celebrities may sue for the appropriation of name, likeness or identity not on grounds of invasion of privacy, but rather on owning their own right to publicity and the monetary rewards (or damages) that come from using their likeness. False Light: As cited in Bussian , (2004) The Restatement (Second) of Torts Section 652E (1977) provides that: One who gives publicity to a matter concerning another that places the other before the public in a false light is subject to liability to the other for invasion of his privacy, if the false light in which the other was placed would be highly offensive to a reasonable person, and the actor had knowledge of or acted in reckless disregard as to the falsity of the publicized matter and the false light in which the other would be placed. Creating a false image for an individual may constitute an invasion of privacy. This is an aspect of invasion of privacy that deals with untruthful publication. In this instance, the offended person is placed in a false light through misleading descriptions, confusion of the person's identity with another, fictionalization of actual events, or photographs taken out of context. Its features are: It gives an individual unreasonable and highly objectionable publicity that attributes false characteristics, conduct or beliefs to him or her. The said material must be published to a third person or publicised to a large audience or to so many persons that the matter must be regarded as substantially certain to become one of public knowledge. The invasion of privacy tort of false light is upheld in court when the plaintiff can prove that the defendant publicize the plaintiff in such as way that it would be highly offensive to a reasonable person. However, it is pertinent to note that this tort shares many similarities with libel and many courts have trouble separating the two. Public Disclosure of Embarrassing Private Facts: Public disclosure of embarrassing private facts becomes an invasion of privacy tort when the disclosure is so despicable that it becomes a matter of public concern and it outrages the public sense of decency. In this invasion of privacy tort, the information may be truthful and yet still be considered an invasion if it is not newsworthy, if the event took place in private and there was no consent to reveal the information. The Restatement (Second) of Torts Section 652D (1977) provides that: One who gives ublicity to a matter concerning the private life of another is subject to liability to the other for invasion of his privacy, if the matter publicized is of a kind that (a) would be highly offensive to a reasonable person, and (b) is not of legitimate concern to the public. (ibid) The media can also be held accountable for damages for truthful publication. It is considered that the antisocial article or broadcast exposes to public view certain highly offensive matters that are not considered newsworthy. In order for an offended plaintiff to prevail, he must prove that the publication was: a) Extremely offensive to a reasonable person, b) And that the matters were not of legitimate concern to the public. The latter requirement may give the news media what might be called the newsworthiness defence. Though, the legal concern of the public in a matter is not presumed by the matter's publication. Thus, a plaintiff may prove that an article is lacking in newsworthiness despite its publication. Below is a good example: Case study: Publication of Embarrassing Private Facts Nollywood actress and 2005 Gulder Ultimate Search star, Anita Hogan, was reported to have lost a three-month-old pregnancy following the shock caused by the publication of her nude pictures in Daily Sun, an evening newspaper in 2006. Anita, according to her lawyer, was engaged to be married to a white man whose nude pictures were published along with hers in the Friday, August 11th edition of the newspaper. Police detectives in Lagos eventually arrested one Emeka Nwankwo, a computer engineer who allegedly circulated the shocking pictures to the media, after the actress rebuffed his alleged bid to blackmail and extort money from her over the lurid shots. The actress through her counsel explained that the computer where the controversial photos were saved developed a fault and had to be taken for repairs, from where they were allegedly stolen. The shots were said to have been taken by Anita’s fiance and stored on her personal computer. Emeka allegedly approached her to pay him N500, 000 or risk getting her pornographic pictures with the white man published in newspapers. The actress was said to have turned down the request, which she regarded as blackmail, and Emeka allegedly went ahead with his threat to circulate the pictures to media houses. A petition written by Anita’s lawyer, Mr Tony Dania of Dania and Associates, to the Deputy Commissioner of Police SCID, Lagos, actually admitted that the pictures in circulation were those of the actress but stressed that they were Anita’s private pictures with her fiance, stolen and doctored to suit the purpose of blackmail. The aforesaid publication is a criminal invasion of our client’s privacy. From the story the suspects published, it was obvious that there was blackmail and attempts to extort money from our client. They stole some of our clients’ pictures, used the computer to improvise and superimpose further images on them, called our clie nt and demanded for money. â€Å"The white man in the published pictures is a true resemblance of Anita’s fiance who works in a very decent organisation. In fact, they have done the pre-marriage formal introduction. Anita, who lost her dad recently, was actually carrying the baby of the white man, but the shock of the aforesaid inglorious publications made her to lose her pregnancy between Saturday/Sunday, August, 12, 13, 2006,† the petition alleged. CONSTITUTIONAL PROVISIONS Misappropriation: There are statutes that govern the right of publicity. These laws have two purposes: 1) To protect ordinary individuals from the mental anguish that may accompany the undesired commercial use of their name or image, and 2) To protect the property interest that celebrities develop in their identities. Under these laws the use of a relevant picture to illustrate a newsworthy article will generally not lead to liability. The unauthorized use of a celebrity’s picture in an advertisement often will. False Light: A photograph or videotape by itself will rarely place a subject in a false light. Rather, the accompanying text, caption, or voice-over could be misleading and portray the person in a false context. However, an accurate depiction of a person in a publication the person finds offensive does not, in itself, state a false light claim. Private Facts: The private facts tort presents unsettling scenario in which media practitioners may be iable for money damages for reporting the truth. In several cases the US Supreme Court has held that â€Å"where a newspaper publishes truthful information which it has lawfully obtained, punishment may lawfully be imposed, if at all, only when narrowly tailored to a state interest of the highest order. † Florida Star v. B. J. F. , 49 1 U. S. 524, 541 (1989) as cited in Bussian & Levine 2004. Although the Supreme Court has prevented states from punishing journalists who published legally obtained names of juvenile offenders and rape victims, the Court has not absolutely rejected the private facts tort in this context. Although crimes such as rape are newsworthy not all courts have agreed that the identity of a rape victim is newsworthy. Intrusion: Intrusion always comes into play through the process of gathering information. Here, the subsequent publication of the information is not required. Actions that may violate this privacy right include trespass onto private property, hidden surveillance, and the fraudulent entry into private areas. Conduct that invades privacy may also violate the criminal law. In general, courts have held that journalists must obey generally applicable laws. Trespass is the illegal entry onto private property. If the owner or person in charge of private property orders a photographer to leave, the photographer should leave or be prepared to face a trespass charge. Photographers who accompany police onto private property are not necessarily immune from liability. Camera operators should also be aware of federal and state laws that govern the taping of oral communications. The federal wiretap statute prohibits the interception of oral communications unless one party such as the journalist consents to the recording. And there have been instances where barring the taping of oral communications exist unless all parties consent to the taping. Privacy and the Internet: â€Å"The US Congress and its state legislatures across the nation have considered or are considering scores of bills aimed at reducing public concern about the ability of Internet users to protect their private lives as they surf the World Wide Web. † (Pember & Calvert, 2006). Despite the positive usage of the internet, the have been growing concern among users about the technology considering the ease with which third parties can collect data bout users and what the data collectors can do with the material they have gathered. However, the Nigerian Government have not woken from its slumber towards the direction of giving adequate protection to its citizens, properties and of course, rights. Defences available to Privacy Suits: Several defences are available to photographers and news organizations accused of invasion of privac y: Legitimate concern: defendant in a disclosure can challenge the plaintiff's proof of the basic elements of intrusion. For example, the defendant may be able to show that the facts that the defendant disclosed were matters of legitimate public concern. If a person is involved in a matter of legitimate public concern, a â€Å"newsworthy† event, the person becomes a public figure with respect to that event, regardless of the person's intentions or desires. If a person is a public official or public figure, his or her reasonable expectations of privacy are dramatically reduced. As a practical matter, a public official or public figure cannot successfully sue unless the invasion of privacy is outrageous or done with actual malice. Consent: it is a voluntary agreement to a publication or permission to enter a private place to gather information. It could be expressed or implied. Allis (2009) opines that a person who accepts money or other considerations in exchange for the invasion of privacy is said to have sold his or her â€Å"rights. † Though some defendants, such as prosecutors and government officials do have immunity if they are acting within the scope of their authority. Anything to be used in a commercial context, whether it is a photo taken in public or in private, must have consent, usually in the form of a model release. Consent must be obtained from someone who can validly give it. Consent to enter a home may not be consent to photograph it. Consent exceeded can be the same as no consent at all. Although oral consent may protect the press from liability for invasion of privacy, written consent is more likely to foreclose the possibility of a lawsuit. However, a subject’s subsequent withdrawal of consent does not bar the publication of the photograph. It simply means that the journalist may not assert consent as a defence if the subject later files suit. Cornwell (2008) sums it by saying â€Å"the more explicit the consent, the better the protection for the press. † Newsworthiness: Is generally defined as what the public is interested in. According to Wulfemeyer (2003), if a story that includes legally obtained private information that is embarrassing to the plaintiff but the subject matter is of public concern, it would be difficult for the plaintiff to win the law suit because courts give wide latitude to the newsworthiness defence. Photographs taken in public places generally are not actionable. Photographs of crimes, arrests and accidents usually are considered newsworthy and immune from privacy claims. Public places: if an event occurs in public view, they are almost always considered public and not private. Though public places defence have been considered not absolute. Public proceedings: Information obtained during public meetings, hearings or trials can be reported by a news organization. Public records: if information has been obtained from a document that is of a public record, it can not be deemed private. ETHICAL OBLIGATION Momoh (2004) opines that as a rule a journalist should respect the privacy of individuals and their families unless it affects public interest in the following ways: †¢ Information on the private life of an individual or his family should only be published if it impinges on public interest, †¢ Publishing of such information about an individual as mentioned above should be deemed justifiable only if it is directed at: 1. Exposing crime or serious misdemeanour; 2. Exposing anti – social conduct; 3. Protecting public health, morality and safety; 4. Preventing the public from being misled by some statement or action of the individual concerned. SUMMING UP The Right of Privacy is a good measure to check media practitioners on inappropriate media content so a news medium while carrying out its function must at all time be concerned with the welfare of its consumer. A media practitioner must ensure the accuracy of his or her information and must be ready to make corrections and clarifications when necessary after publishing or broadcasting untrue information. A media practitioner must at all time uphold the dignity of his or her profession comply with his or her professional codes and respect the human rights. A media expert must also recognise that gathering and reporting information may sometimes cause discomfort, so must seek ways to minimise the hurt. (Kayode, 2009). REFERENCES Allis. (2009). Invasion of Privacy—Appropriation. Retrieved September 19, 2009, from Lexis-Nexis database. Bussian & Levine. (2004). Invasion of Privacy: The Right â€Å"to be left alone† Retieved September 18, 2009, from Lexis-Nexis database. Cornwell, C. N. (2008). Freedom of the Press: Rights and liberties under the law. Retrieved September 18, 2009, from http://www. abc. clio. com Expectation of privacy (2002). Retrieved September 18, 2009, From http://www. wikipedia. com Folarin , B. (2005). Theories of Mass Communication: An Introductory Text. Abeokuta: Bakinfol Publication Invasion of Privacy (2003). Retrieved September 18, 2009, From http://www. winningnewsmedia. com/privacy Kayode, J. (2009). Ethics and professional practise [Record] . Lagos. Malemi, E. (2002). Mass Media Law: Cases and materials Lagos: Grace Publishing Incorporation Momoh, T . (2004). Nigerian Media Laws & Ethics Lagos : Efua Media Associates. Pember & Calvert. (2006). Mass Media Law Boston: McGraw Hill. Phtographers’ giude to Privacy (2003), Retrieved September 18, 2009, From http://www. rcfp. org Wulfemeyer, K. T. (2003). Radio & TV Newswriting: A workbook Retrieved September 19, 2009, from Lexis-Nexis database.

The Handmaid s Tale Literacy Essay - 1841 Words

ENG4U: The Handmaid’s Tale Literacy Essay Shoshannah Lewis Margret Atwood’s The Handmaid’s Tale takes place in the closely monitored, male dominant area of Gilead where women are deprived of their sexual and human rights, forbidding them to live independently. For many years prior to Gilead’s existence, women were seen as inferior to men and neglected of basic human rights such as voting, career opportunities, and equal salaries. The Republic of Gilead was later introduced following the transition of the United States’ government into a totalitarian leadership style, giving the government complete and all power amongst society. Very similar to the second wave of feminism, where women fought for reproductive rights, women are doing so in this near future setting of Gilead. In the novel, a future is revealed in which female fertility has completely dwindled. Thus, women who are still fertile are labeled â€Å"Handmaid’s† and are sent to different upper class commanders for reproduction. With this being said, the fact that only certain women are capable of reproduction forces completion amongst the sex due to the high sexual standards society expects the female gender to meet. The novel follows a Handmaid by the name of Offred, and her fight with sexual repression and exploitation of women within the corrupt Republic of Gilead’s. Atwood takes an alternative method of portraying feminism throughout this novel by writing a stark contrast of feminism, portraying the women within TheShow MoreRelatedTotalitarianism, Violence, and the Color Red in the Handmaid’s Tale1863 Words   |  8 PagesTotalitarianism, Violence, and the Color Red in The Handmaid’s Tale In literature, the color red symbolizes many things, each with its own emotional impact. Red can be associated with violence and bloodshed, or it can be associated with love and intense emotions. In The Handmaid’s Tale, Offred, chosen to be a â€Å"baby-maker† for a couple she was assigned to, desires to escape the dystopian society that she lives in. Thus, Margaret creates a fictional government that uses totalitarianism, violence